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定语及定语从句

2022-04-01 12:14:57 12

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定语从句(也称关系从句、形容词性从句),是指一类由关系词(英语:relative word)引导的从句,因为这类从句的句法功能多是做定语,以下是小编收集的定语及定语从句,仅供大家阅读参考!

一、定语:

定语用来限定、修饰名词或代词的,是对名词或代词起修饰、限定作用的词、短语(动词不定式短语、动名词短语和分词短语)或句子,汉语中常用的表示。主要由形容词担任,此外,名词,代词,数词,分词,副词,不定式以及介词短语也可以来担任,也可以由一个句子来担任。单词作定语时通常放在它所修饰的词之前,作前置定语。短语和从句作定语时则放在所修饰的词之后,作后置定语。

定语从句是指在一个句子中作定语的句子,定语从句要放在所修饰的词后。

如:

1) The man who lives next to us is a policeman.

2) You must do everything that I do.

上面两句中的man和everything是定语从句所修饰的词,叫先行词,定语从句放在先行词的后面。

引导定语从句的词有关系代词that,which,who(宾格who,所有格whose)和关系副词where,when、why

关系词常有三个作用:

1、引导定语从句

2、代替先行词

3、在定语从句中担当一个成分.

二、定语从句的有关概念

所谓定语从句,就是在复合句中起定语作用以修饰主句中的名词或代词的从句。学习定语从句,首先要弄清两个重要概念——先行词和关系词。

先行词是我们汉语中从来没有听过的一个新概念,它其实指的就是被定语从句所修饰的词。由于定语从句修饰名词或代词时,定语从句通常是后置的,所以人们就将放在定语从句前被定语从句修饰的名词或代词叫先行词。

那什么是关系词呢?其实它就是用于引导定语从句的引导词。事实上,英语中的各类从句,不管性质如何,它们都需要有一个词来“引导”,正如人们给引导状语从句的词语取了个名字叫从属连词一样,人们也给引导定语从句的词语取了个名字,叫它关系词,因为它通常被放在先行词和定语从句之间起连接作用,以表明两者之间的'修饰关系,同时它还在定语从句中充当一定的句子成分。

三、定语从句中关系词与所修饰先行词的关系

为了更好地理解定语从句,我们还有必要研究一下关系词与先行词之间的关系。但在研究这种关系之前,我们先来看看关系词有哪些。

根据关系词在定语从句中的作用,我们可以将关系词分为关系代词和关系副词两种。所谓关系代词就是指起代词作用的关系词,它们在引导定语从句的同时,还在定语从句中充当主语、宾语、宾语等,英语中比较常用的关系代词有that,who,whom,whose等。

类似地,关系副词就是指起副词作用的关系词,它们在引导定语从句的同时,还在定语从句中充当状语等,英语中比较常用的关系副词只有三个,即when,where和why。

许多初学定语从句的人弄不清关系词与先行词之间到底是什么关系。其实啊,关系词与先行词之间的关系很简单,简单得可以划一个等号。因为,关系词的含义在本质上等价于先行词,它与先行词指的就是同一个人或同一个事物。为便于理解,下面我们来看几个例子吧。

I know the man who lives next door. 我认识住在隔壁的那个人。

这是一个含有定语从句的复合句。句中的the man为先行词,who lives next door为修饰the man的定语从句;在定语从句中,who是关系词,它在定语从句中用作主语,从意义上说,它在此所表示的意思与先行词the man等价,换句话说,上面这个句子与下面这个句子等价:I know the man. He lives next door. 我认识这个人,它就住在隔壁。

She will never forget the day when she got married. 她永远不会忘记她结婚的这一天。

句中的the day为先行词,when she got married为修饰the day的定语从句;在定语从句中,when是关系词,它在定语从句中用作状语,从意义上说,它在此与“介词+先行词”所表示的意思等价,也就是说上面的句子与下面这个句子等价:She will never forget the day. On that day she got married. 她永远不会忘记这一天,在这一天她结婚了。

例句:

1. This is an old computer which hat works much slower.

2. They stayed with me for three weeks during which time they drunk all the wine I had.

3. The picture (that) we are looking at was drawn by a fifteen-year-old student.

4. The picture at which we are looking was drawn by a fifteen-year-old student.

5. I have many students to whom I am going to send postcards.

6. You’re the only one whose advice he might listen to.

7. I’d like a room whose window looks out over the sea.

8. The explorer took only such men and things as he really needed into the jungle.

9. Such people as have made great contributions to the world should be greatly respected.

10. Let’s meet at the same place as we did yesterday.

11. Shakespeare is a famous writer,as everyone knows.

12. As everyone knows,Shakespeare is a famous writer.

13. Shakespeare,as everyone knows,is a famous writer.

14. Potato can be grown in places where(in which)it’s too cold to grow rice.

15. I shall never forget the days when(on which)we worked on the farm.

16. Can you tell me the reason why(for which) the car broke down.

17. The reason that the car broke down caused the accident.

18. He told me the way (thatin which)he solved the problem.

19. He told me how to solve the problem.

20. I have been to the places (thatwherein which)the Indians live.

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